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The Aac Audio Coding Family for Broadcast and Cable Tv Date

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Broadcast television set systems are encoding or formatting standards for the transmission and reception of terrestrial television signals. There are three primary analog goggle box systems in current use effectually the earth: NTSC, PAL, and SECAM. These systems accept several components, including a prepare of technical parameters for the broadcasting point, an encoder organisation for encoding colour, and maybe a system for encoding multichannel television sound (MTS).

In digital goggle box (DTV), all of these elements are combined in a single digital manual organisation.

Contents

  • one Analog goggle box systems
    • 1.i Frames
    • 1.2 Viewing technology
    • 1.three Hidden signaling
    • 1.iv Overscan
    • 1.5 Interlacing
    • 1.6 Image polarity
    • i.7 Modulation
    • ane.8 Audio
    • 1.9 Development
  • 2 Daftar/Tabel -- analog idiot box systems
    • 2.1 Pre–World War 2 systems
    • 2.ii ITU standards
      • ii.2.1 Notes by organisation
  • 3 Line count
  • 4 Converting from one Telly arrangement to some other
  • 5 Digital tv systems
    • v.ane ATSC
    • 5.two DMB-T/H
    • v.3 DVB
    • 5.four ISDB
  • 6 Perbandingan -- digital terrestrial television systems
  • 7 See likewise
  • 8 References
  • 9 External links

Analog television systems

Analog television encoding systems by nation

All merely one analog goggle box system began every bit black-and-white systems. Each state, faced with local political, technical, and economic bug, adopted a color television organisation which was grafted onto an existing monochrome system, using gaps in the video spectrum (explained below) to permit color transmission data to fit in the existing channels allotted. The grafting of the color transmission standards onto existing monochrome systems permitted existing monochrome television receivers predating the alter over to colour tv to continue to be operate as monochrome television. Because of this compatibility requirement, color standards added a 2nd signal to the basic monochrome point, which carries the color information. The colour information is called chrominance or C for short, while the black and white information is called the luminance or Y for short. Monochrome television receivers simply brandish the luminance, while color receivers process both signals. Though in theory whatever monochrome system could be adopted to a color organization, in practice some of the original monochrome systems proved impractical to conform to color and were abandoned when the switch to color dissemination was made. All countries now use one of three color systems: NTSC, PAL, or SECAM.

Frames

Primary commodity: Film frame

Ignoring color, all goggle box systems piece of work in substantially the same manner. The monochrome prototype seen by a camera (at present, the luminance component of a colour image) is divided into horizontal scan lines, some number of which make upwards a single image or frame. A monochrome paradigm is theoretically continuous, and thus unlimited in horizontal resolution, only to brand television practical, a limit had to exist placed on the bandwidth of the television signal, which puts an ultimate limit on the horizontal resolution possible. When color was introduced, this limit of necessity became fixed. All current analog television systems are interlaced; alternate rows of the frame are transmitted in sequence, followed by the remaining rows in their sequence. Each one-half of the frame is called a video field, and the rate at which fields are transmitted is ane of the key parameters of a video organisation. It is related to the utility frequency at which the electricity distribution organization operates, to avoid flicker resulting from the beat between the telly screen deflection system and nearby mains generated magnetic fields. All digital, or "fixed pixel," displays have progressive scanning and must deinterlace an interlaced source. Utilise of inexpensive deinterlacing hardware is a typical difference betwixt lower- vs. higher-priced apartment console displays (Plasma brandish, LCD, etc.).

All films and other filmed material shot at 24 frames per 2d must be transferred to video frame rates using a telecine in order to prevent severe movement jitter effects. Typically, for 25 frame/s formats (European amongst other countries with 50 Hz mains supply), the content is PAL speedup, while a technique known as "3:two pulldown" is used for 30 frame/s formats (N America among other countries with 60 Hz mains supply) to lucifer the film frame rate to the video frame charge per unit without speeding up the play back.

Viewing engineering

Analog television bespeak standards are designed to be displayed on a cathode ray tube (CRT), and so the physics of these devices necessarily controls the format of the video bespeak. The image on a CRT is painted by a moving beam of electrons which hits a phosphor coating on the front end of the tube. This electron beam is steered by a magnetic field generated by powerful electromagnets close to the source of the electron axle.

In order to reorient this magnetic steering mechanism, a certain amount of fourth dimension is required due to the inductance of the magnets; the greater the alter, the greater the time it takes for the electron beam to settle in the new spot.

For this reason, it is necessary to shut off the electron axle (corresponding to a video signal of zero luminance) during the fourth dimension information technology takes to reorient the axle from the end of one line to the get-go of the adjacent (horizontal retrace) and from the bottom of the screen to the pinnacle (vertical retrace or vertical blanking interval). The horizontal retrace is deemed for in the time allotted to each scan line, but the vertical retrace is accounted for equally phantom lines which are never displayed but which are included in the number of lines per frame defined for each video arrangement. Since the electron axle must be turned off in any case, the upshot is gaps in the television signal, which can be used to transmit other data, such as test signals or color identification signals.

The temporal gaps translate into a comb-like frequency spectrum for the signal, where the teeth are spaced at line frequency and concentrate most of the free energy; the space between the teeth tin can be used to insert a color subcarrier.

Hidden signaling

Broadcasters later developed mechanisms to transmit digital information on the phantom lines, used mostly for teletext and closed captioning:

  • PAL-Plus uses a hidden signaling scheme to betoken if it exists, and if and then what operational way information technology is in.
  • NTSC has been modified by the Avant-garde Goggle box Standards Committee to support an anti-ghosting signal that is inserted on a not-visible browse line.
  • Teletext uses hidden signaling to transmit information pages.
  • NTSC Airtight Captioning signaling uses signaling that is virtually identical to teletext signaling.
  • Widescreen All 625 line systems incorporate pulses on line 23 that flag to the display that a sixteen:9 widescreen paradigm is being circulate, though this option is not currently used on analog transmissions.

Overscan

Primary article: Overscan

Tv set images are unique in that they must incorporate regions of the moving picture with reasonable-quality content, that will never be seen past some viewers.

Interlacing

In a purely analog system, field order is merely a matter of convention. For digitally recorded material it becomes necessary to rearrange the field order when conversion takes identify from i standard to some other.

Epitome polarity

Another parameter of analog television systems, pocket-size by comparison, is the choice of whether vision modulation is positive or negative. Some of the earliest electronic television systems such as the British 405-line (arrangement A) used positive modulation. It was too used in the two Belgian systems (system C, 625 lines, and System F, 819 lines) and the two French systems (system E, 819 lines, and system Fifty, 625 lines). In positive modulation systems, the maximum luminance value is represented by the maximum carrier power; in negative modulation, the maximum luminance value is represented by nix carrier ability. All newer analog video systems apply negative modulation with the exception of the French Organisation L.

Impulsive noise, peculiarly from older automotive ignition systems, caused white spots to appear on the screens of television receivers using positive modulation just they could apply unproblematic synchronization circuits. Impulsive noise in negative modulation systems appears equally nighttime spots that are less visible, but movie synchronization was seriously degraded when using simple synchronization. The synchronization problem was overcome with the invention of phase-locked synchronization circuits. When these first appeared in Britain in the early 1950s one proper noun used to describe them was "flywheel synchronisation."

Older televisions for positive modulation systems were sometimes equipped with a meridian video betoken inverter that would turn the white interference spots dark. This was normally user-adjustable with a command on the rear of the telly labeled "White Spot Limiter" in United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland or "Antiparasite" in France. If adjusted incorrectly it would turn vivid white moving-picture show content nighttime. Most of the positive modulation television systems ceased performance by the mid 1980s. The French System Fifty continued on up to the transition to digital broadcasting. Positive modulation was one of several unique technical features that originally protected the French electronics and broadcasting industry from foreign competition and rendered French Telly sets incapable of receiving broadcasts from neighboring countries.

Some other advantage of negative modulation is that, since the synchronizing pulses represent maximum carrier power, it is relatively like shooting fish in a barrel to arrange the receiver Automatic Gain Command to just operate during sync pulses and thus get a constant amplitude video betoken to bulldoze the rest of the Television. This was non possible for many years with positive modulation as the summit carrier power varied depending on picture content. Modern digital processing circuits have accomplished a similar effect simply using the forepart porch of the video betoken.

Modulation

Given all of these parameters, the event is a mostly-continuous analog bespeak which tin exist modulated onto a radio-frequency carrier and transmitted through an antenna. All analog tv set systems apply vestigial sideband modulation, a course of amplitude modulation in which one sideband is partially removed. This reduces the bandwidth of the transmitted signal, enabling narrower channels to be used.

Audio

In analog television, the analog audio portion of a circulate is invariably modulated separately from the video. Almost commonly, the audio and video are combined at the transmitter before being presented to the antenna, but separate aural and visual antennas can be used. In all cases where negative video is used, FM is used for the standard monaural audio; systems with positive video utilize AM sound and intercarrier receiver engineering cannot be incorporated. Stereo, or more more often than not multi-aqueduct, audio is encoded using a number of schemes which (except in the French systems) are contained of the video system. The principal systems are NICAM, which uses a digital audio encoding; double-FM (known under a variety of names, notably Zweikanalton, A2 Stereo, West German Stereo, German Stereo or IGR Stereo), in which example each audio channel is separately modulated in FM and added to the broadcast point; and BTSC (too known as MTS), which multiplexes boosted audio channels into the FM audio carrier. All iii systems are compatible with monaural FM sound, but only NICAM may be used with the French AM audio systems.

Evolution

For historical reasons, some countries utilize a different video system on UHF than they do on the VHF bands. In a few countries, most notably the United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland, telly dissemination on VHF has been entirely shut down. Note that the British 405-line system A, unlike all the other systems, suppressed the upper sideband rather than the lower—befitting its status as the oldest operating television system to survive into the color era (although was never officially circulate with color encoding). System A was tested with all three colour systems, and production equipment was designed and ready to be built; System A might accept survived, equally NTSC-A, had the British government not decided to harmonize with the rest of Europe on a 625-line video standard, implemented in United kingdom as PAL-I on UHF simply.

The French 819 line system Eastward was a postal service-war endeavor to advance France's continuing in boob tube applied science. Its 819-lines were almost high definition fifty-fifty past today's standards. Like the British system A, information technology was VHF but and remained black & white until its shutdown in 1984 in France and 1985 in Monaco. It was tested with SECAM in the early stages, but later the decision was made to prefer color in 625-lines. Thus French republic adopted system L on UHF only and abandoned arrangement E.

In many parts of the world, analog television broadcasting has been close downward completely, or restricted only to low-power relay transmitters; see Digital television transition for a timeline of the analog shutdown.

Daftar/Tabel -- analog television systems

Pre–Globe War II systems

Main article: Boob tube systems before 1940

A number of experimental and broadcast pre WW2 systems were tested. The beginning ones were mechanically based and of very low resolution, sometimes with no sound. Later Television set systems were electronic.

  • The UK 405 line system was the first to accept an allocated ITU System Letter of the alphabet Designation.

ITU standards

On an international conference in Stockholm in 1961, the International Telecommunications Spousal relationship designated standards for broadcast television systems. [1] Each standard is designated a letter of the alphabet (A-G); in combination with a color system (NTSC, PAL, SECAM), this completely specifies all of the monaural analog television systems in the world (for case, PAL-B, NTSC-Thousand, etc.).

The post-obit table gives the main characteristics of each standard. Defunct Television systems are shown in grey text, previous ones never designated by ITU are non withal shown. Except for lines and frame rates, other units are megahertz (MHz).

  • Also see: television channel frequencies
World television systems
Standard Introduced Lines Frame rate Aqueduct bandwidth Video bandwidth (MHz) Vision sound carrier separation (MHz) Vestigial sideband (MHz) Vision modulation Sound modulation Frequency of chrominance subcarrier (MHz) Vision/sound ability ratio Usual color
A 1936 405 25 5 3 −3.five 0.75 pos. AM 4:1 none
B 1950 625 25 vii 5 +v.v 0.75 neg. FM PAL/SECAM
C 1953 625 25 7 5 +5.five 0.75 pos. AM none
D 1948 625 25 8 6 +6.5 0.75 neg. FM SECAM/PAL
East 1949 819 25 14 ten ±11.fifteen two.00 pos. AM none
F 819 25 seven 5 +5.5 0.75 pos. AM none
G 625 25 eight v +5.5 0.75 neg. FM 4.43 v:1 PAL/SECAM
H 625 25 8 5 +5.5 1.25 neg. FM 4.43 5:1 PAL
I 1962 625 25 8 5.v +5.9996 1.25 neg. FM 4.43 5:one PAL
J 1953 525 xxx half dozen 4.2 +4.five 0.75 neg. FM NTSC
One thousand 625 25 8 6 +vi.5 0.75 neg. FM 4.43 5:1 SECAM/PAL
Thousand' 625 25 eight 6 +six.5 1.25 neg. FM SECAM
50 1970s 625 25 eight half dozen -6.5 1.25 pos. AM 4.43 8:ane SECAM
M 1941 525 30 six 4.2 +4.5 0.75 neg. FM 3.58 NTSC**
N 1951 625 25 6 4.2 +4.5 0.75 neg. FM PAL

Notes by organisation

A
Early United Kingdom and Ireland VHF arrangement (B&W only). Kickoff electronic Television set organization, introduced in 1936. Vestigal sideband filtering introduced in 1949. Discontinued on 23 November 1982 in Ireland and on two January 1985 in the U.k.. [i] [ii]
B
VHF simply in most countries (combined with system M and H on UHF); VHF and UHF in Australia Originally known as the Gerber standard # [three].
C
Early VHF arrangement; used just in Belgium, Italy, kingdom of the netherlands and Luxembourg, as a compromise between Systems B and Fifty. Discontinued in 1977. [4]
D
Used on VHF only in most countries (combined with system K on UHF). Used in the People'southward Democracy of Red china (PAL-D) on both VHF and UHF.
East
Early on French VHF organization (B&W only); very good (near HDTV) picture quality only uneconomical apply of bandwidth. Sound carrier separation +11.fifteen MHz on odd numbered channels, -11.15 MHz on even numbered channels. Discontinued in 1984 (French republic) and 1985 (Monaco). [5]
F
Early VHF system used only in Kingdom of belgium, Italy, kingdom of the netherlands and Luxembourg; immune French 819-line boob tube programming to be broadcast on the 7 MHz VHF channels used in those countries, at a substantial price in horizontal resolution. Discontinued in 1969. [vi]
G
UHF only; used in countries with Arrangement B on VHF, except Australia.
H
UHF only; used only in Belgium, Luxembourg and the Netherlands. Similar to System Thousand with an one.25 MHz vestigal sideband.
I
Used in the U.k., Ireland, Southern Africa, Macau, Hong Kong and Falkland Islands.
J
Used in Nippon (see arrangement M below). Identical to system M except that a different black level of 0 IRE is used instead of seven.5 IRE. Although the ITU specified a frame rate of 30 fields, 29.97 was adopted with the introduction of NTSC colour to minimize visual artifacts. Discontinued in 2012, when Japan transitioned to digital.
K
UHF only; used in countries with organization D on VHF, and identical to it in most respects.
Chiliad'
Used only in French overseas departments and territories.
L
Used just in French republic. On VHF Band one only, the audio is at −half-dozen.5 MHz. Discontinued in 2011, when France transitioned to digital. It was the last organization to use positive video modulation and AM sound.
M
Used in most of the Americas and Caribbean, Republic of korea, Taiwan, Philippines (all NTSC-G), Brazil (PAL-M) and Laos (SECAM-M). Although the ITU specified a frame charge per unit of 30 fields, 29.97 was adopted with the introduction of NTSC colour to minimize visual artifacts. PAL-Yard, unaffected by color encoding, continues to use a frame rate of 30.
N
Used in Argentine republic, Paraguay and Uruguay (all PAL-N). Allows 625-line, l-frame/due south video to be circulate in a six-MHz channel, at some price in horizontal resolution.

Line count

As interlaced systems crave accurate positioning of scanning lines, it is important to brand certain that the horizontal and vertical timebase are in a precise ratio. This is accomplished by passing the one through a serial of electronic divider circuits to produce the other. Each division is past a prime number.

Therefore there has to exist a straightforward mathematical human relationship between the line and field frequencies, the latter being derived by dividing downward from the former. Technology constraints of the 1930s meant that this division process could simply be washed using minor integers, preferably no greater than 7, for good stability. The number of lines was odd because of ii:i interlace. The 405 line organisation used a vertical frequency of l Hz (Standard Air-conditioning mains supply frequency in U.k.) and a horizontal one of 10,125 Hz (50 × 405 ÷ 2)

  • 2 × three × 3 × 5 gives xc lines (not interlaced)
  • 2 × 2 × ii × 2 × 2 × iii gives 96 lines (non interlaced)
  • 2 × ii × 3 × iii × 5 gives 180 lines (non interlaced) (used in Germany in mid-1930s before switch to 441-line system)
  • 2 × two × 2 × ii × 3 × v gives 240 lines (used for the experimental Baird transmissions in United kingdom [Run across Notation ane])
  • 3 × three × iii × 3 × iii gives 243 lines
  • 7 × seven × 7 gives 343 lines (early on N American system as well used in Poland and in Soviet Marriage before WW2)
  • 3 × 5 × 5 × 5 gives 375 lines
  • iii × 3 × 3 × 3 × 5 gives 405 lines Organisation A (used in Britain, Ireland and Hong Kong before 1985)
  • 2 × ii × 2 × five × 11 gives 440 lines (non interlaced)
  • iii × 3 × 7 × vii gives 441 lines (used by RCA in N America before the 525-lines NTSC standard was adopted and widely used earlier WW2 in Continental Europe with different frame rates)
  • 2 × 3 × 3 × five × 5 gives 450 lines (non interlaced)
  • 5 × 7 × thirteen gives 455 lines (used in France before WW2)
  • iii × v × five × 7 gives 525 lines System K (a compromise between the RCA and Philco systems. Still used today in most of the Americas and parts of Asia)
  • 3 × three × 3 × three × 7 gives 567 lines (used for a while after WW2 in the Netherlands)
  • 5 × 11 × 11 gives 605 lines (proposed by Philco in N America earlier the 525 standard was adopted)
  • v × five × 5 × v gives 625 lines (576i) (adult independently by German language [seven] [eight] and Soviet [2] [3] [iv] engineers during the mid-late 1940s. However used today in nearly parts of the world)
  • two × 3 × 5 × 5 × five gives 750 lines at 50 frames (used for 720p50 [See Annotation ii])
  • 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × iii × 3 × 5 gives 750 lines at 60 frames (used for 720p60 [Run across Note 2])
  • 3 × three × 7 × 13 gives 819 lines (737i) (used in France in the 1950s)
  • 3 × 7 × 7 × 7 gives 1029 lines (proposed but never adopted around 1948 in France)
  • 3 × three × 5 × 5 x 5 gives 1125 lines at 25 frames (used for 1080i25 but non 1080p25 [See Note 2])
  • 3 × iii × 5 × v x 5 gives 1125 lines at 30 frames (used for 1080i30 but not 1080p30 [Encounter Note ii])
Notes
  1. The division of the 240-line system is academic as the browse ratio was determined entirely by the construction of the mechanical scanning arrangement used with the cameras used with this transmission system.
  2. The partitioning ratio though relevant to CRT-based systems is largely bookish today because modern LCD and plasma displays are not constrained to having the scanning in precise ratios. The 1080p high definition system requires 1126-lines in a CRT display.

Converting from i Goggle box system to another

Main article: Goggle box standards conversion

Converting between unlike numbers of lines and different frequencies of fields/frames in video pictures is not an easy task. Perhaps the most technically challenging conversion to make is from any of the 625-line, 25-frame/s systems to organisation M, which has 525-lines at 29.97 frames per 2nd. Historically this required a frame store to hold those parts of the picture non actually being output (since the scanning of any signal was not time coincident). In more than contempo times, conversion of standards is a relatively easy task for a figurer.

Aside from the line count beingness unlike, it's easy to see that generating 60 fields every 2nd from a format that has just 50 fields might pose some interesting bug. Every second, an additional 10 fields must be generated seemingly from zippo. The conversion has to create new frames (from the existing input) in real time.

There are several methods used to do this, depending on the desired price and conversion quality. The simplest possible converters simply drop every fifth line from every frame (when converting from 625 to 525) or duplicate every 4th line (when converting from 525 to 625), and so duplicate or drop some of those frames to make upwardly the departure in frame rate. More than circuitous systems include inter-field interpolation, adaptive interpolation, and stage correlation.

Digital idiot box systems

The situation with worldwide digital television is much simpler by comparison. About current digital television systems are based on the MPEG transport stream standard, and employ the H.262/MPEG-2 Role 2 video codec. They differ significantly in the details of how the send stream is converted into a broadcast bespeak, in the video format prior to encoding (or alternatively, after decoding), and in the audio format. This has not prevented the cosmos of an international standard that includes both major systems, even though they are incompatible in well-nigh every respect.

The ii principal digital broadcasting systems are ATSC standards, adult by the Avant-garde Tv set Systems Committee and adopted as a standard in the United States and Canada, and DVB-T, the Digital Video Broadcast – Terrestrial organisation used in virtually of the rest of the world. DVB-T was designed for format compatibility with existing directly circulate satellite services in Europe (which use the DVB-S standard, and also sees some use in directly-to-dwelling satellite dish providers in North America), and in that location is also a DVB-C version for cablevision telly. While the ATSC standard also includes support for satellite and cable telly systems, operators of those systems have called other technologies (principally DVB-S or proprietary systems for satellite and 256QAM replacing VSB for cable). Japan uses a tertiary organisation, closely related to DVB-T, chosen ISDB-T, which is compatible with Brazil'southward SBTVD. The People's Republic of Mainland china has developed a quaternary system, named DMB-T/H.

DTT broadcasting systems. [five]

ATSC

Primary commodity: ATSC system

The terrestrial ATSC system (unofficially ATSC-T) uses a proprietary Zenith-developed modulation called 8-VSB; as the proper name implies, it is a vestigial sideband technique. Substantially, analog VSB is to regular aamplitude modulation as 8VSB is to eight-mode quadrature amplitude modulation. This system was called specifically to provide for maximum spectral compatibility between existing analog Idiot box and new digital stations in the The states' already-crowded television allocations organization, although it is inferior to the other digital systems in dealing with multipath interference; however, information technology is amend at dealing with impulse noise which is particularly present on the VHF bands that other countries have discontinued from Television set utilize, but are even so used in the U.Southward. There is also no hierarchical modulation. After demodulation and error-correction, the 8-VSB modulation supports a digital data stream of about 19.39 Mbit/due south, plenty for ane high-definition video stream or several standard-definition services. See Digital subchannel#Technical considerations for more information.

On cablevision, ATSC usually uses 256QAM, although some use 16VSB. Both of these double the throughput to 38.78 Mbit/s within the same half dozen MHz bandwidth. ATSC is as well used over satellite. While these are logically called ATSC-C and ATSC-S, these terms were never officially divers. ATSC was never designed for mobile use, but the ATSC grouping is currently (equally of 2008[update]) considering how this tin can be done through its ATSC-M/H.

DMB-T/H

Main article: DMB-T/H

DMB-T/H is the digital tv broadcasting standard of the People's Republic of China, Hong Kong and Macau. This is a fusion system, which is a compromise of unlike competing proposing standards from different Chinese Universities, which incorporates elements from DVB-T, ADTB-T and TiMi 3.

DVB

Main articles: DVB, DVB-T, DVB-S, and DVB-C

DVB-T uses coded orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (COFDM), which uses as many every bit 8000 independent carriers, each transmitting data at a comparatively low charge per unit. This system was designed to provide superior immunity from multipath interference, and has a choice of arrangement variants which permit data rates from iv MBit/s upwardly to 24 MBit/s. 1 US broadcaster, Sinclair Broadcasting, petitioned the Federal Communications Commission to permit the use of COFDM instead of eight-VSB, on the theory that this would improve prospects for digital Television set reception by households without outside antennas (a bulk in the US), only this request was denied. (Yet, one U.s. digital station, WNYE-DT in New York, was temporarily converted to COFDM modulation on an emergency ground for datacasting information to emergency services personnel in lower Manhattan in the aftermath of the September 11 terrorist attacks).

DVB-S is the original Digital Video Broadcasting forward error coding and modulation standard for satellite television and dates back to 1995. Information technology is used via satellites serving every continent of the world, including N America. DVB-Due south is used in both MCPC and SCPC modes for circulate network feeds, as well every bit for direct broadcast satellite services like Sky and Freesat in the British Isles, Sky Federal republic of germany and Hard disk+ in Deutschland and Austria, TNT SAT/FRANSAT and CanalSat in France, Dish Network in the Usa, and Bong TV in Canada. The MPEG transport stream delivered by DVB-S is mandated every bit MPEG-2.

DVB-C stands for Digital Video Broadcasting - Cablevision and information technology is the DVB European consortium standard for the circulate transmission of digital television over cable. This arrangement transmits an MPEG-2 family digital audio/video stream, using a QAM modulation with channel coding.

ISDB

ISDB is very like to DVB, however information technology is cleaved into 13 subchannels. Twelve are used for Telly, while the last serves either as a guard band, or for the 1seg (ISDB-H) service. Similar the other DTV systems, the ISDB types differ mainly in the modulations used, due to the requirements of unlike frequency bands. The 12 GHz band ISDB-S uses PSK modulation, ii.6 GHz band digital sound broadcasting uses CDM and ISDB-T (in VHF and/or UHF band) uses COFDM with PSK/QAM. It was developed in Japan with MPEG-2, and is now used in Brazil with MPEG-iv. Unlike other digital broadcast systems, ISDB includes digital rights direction to restrict recording of programming.

Perbandingan -- digital terrestrial television systems

See as well

  • Characteristics of television systems. International Telecommunications Union, ITU-R Recommendation BT.470-two.

Transmission technology standards

  • Apprentice television
  • Circulate safety
  • Channel (dissemination)
  • Display resolution
  • Lists of idiot box channels for lists by country and language.
  • North American cablevision television frequencies
  • Boob tube channel frequencies

Defunct analog systems

  • 405 lines
  • 819 lines
  • MUSE an analog high-definition telly organization.

Analog telly systems

  • Intercarrier method
  • NTSC (525/60)
  • PAL (color encoding usually used with 625/50 systems)
  • PAL-M
  • PALplus
  • SECAM
  • Transposers
  • Boob tube transmitters

Analog boob tube system sound

  • BTSC
  • NICAM (digital, analog pre-emphasis curve)
  • Zweiton
  • The defunct MUSE arrangement had a very unusual digital audio subsystem completely unrelated to NICAM.

Digital tv set systems

  • HDTV systems all utilise MPEG send technology
  • ATSC standards replace NTSC
  • DVB-T replaces PAL, PALplus and SECAM
  • ISDB replaces NTSC and the Analog high-definition television arrangement 1125-line MUSE organisation
  • DTMB used in People's Republic of China, Hong Kong and Macau

History

  • History of television
  • Oldest television station
  • Idiot box systems before 1940

References

  1. ^ Final acts of the European Broadcasting Conference in the VHF and UHF bands. Stockholm, 1961.
  2. ^ On the first of circulate in 625-lines lx yr s ago, 625 magazine (in Russian).
  3. ^ Thousand.I. Krivocheev – an engineer's engineer, EBU'due south technical review.
  4. ^ IN THE VANGUARD OF Idiot box BROADCASTING
  5. ^ DVB.org, Official information taken from the DVB website

External links

  • FARWAY IRFC, Television receiver and Radio Transmission , Radio Data Organization Encoders , Broadcasting Technologies
  • World Analog Television receiver Standards and Waveforms by Alan Pemberton
  • Analog TV Circulate Systems by Paul Schlyter
  • European Television Stations in 1932 a scan from a 1932 French magazine

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Source: https://p2k.utn.ac.id/IT/2-3069-2966/Broadcast-television-systems_17576_p2k-utn.html

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